Jurnal
Akademik dan Etika Bisnis
Korupsi
di Slowakia: etika Korupsi
di Slowakia
isu-isu etis dari titik sistematis tampilan
Omid
Furutan
University
of La Verne
ABSTRAK
Korupsi,
di semua berbagai tingkatan, merupakan salah satu ancaman paling serius
terhadap stabilitas dan pengembangan masyarakat sipil. Eropa Barat dan
lembaga-lembaga Uni Eropa tidak dikecualikan dari epidemi ini, namun di
sebagian besar Negara-negara mantan Blok Timur korupsi, dalam segala bentuknya,
adalah endemik. Setelah pemilu pada akhir 1998, pemerintah koalisi baru dari
Slovakia diklaim telah mengakui efek berbahaya dari korupsi dan ditempatkan antikorupsi
tinggi pada resmi agenda. Pada tahun 1999, Perdana Menteri, Mikulas Dzurinda,
berpartisipasi dalam masyarakat konferensi tentang korupsi. Akibatnya,
pembentukan Komite Pengarah Antikorupsi di bawah pimpinan Wakil Perdana
Menteri, Pal Csáky, diciptakan, mengarah ke draft pertama Program Nasional
untuk Melawan Korupsi. Hari ini dapat dilihat bahwa Program Nasional tidak
memiliki dampak besar pada masalah korupsi di Slovakia. Dalam Indeks Persepsi
Korupsi 2009 mereka rilis pers, Transparansi Internasional peringkat Slowakia
56 th dari 180 negara yang disurvei. Selanjutnya, Slowakia memiliki salah satu
peringkat terburuk dari indeks CPI dari semua negara V4, setelah Ukraina. Sebuah
survei yang dilakukan oleh Kantor Pemerintah Republik Slovakia (Úrad vlády Slovenskej
Republiky) pada tahun 2005, menunjukkan bahwa 1997-2005 tingkat korupsi di Slowakia
telah meningkat. Tujuan utama dari artikel ini adalah untuk menguji efektivitas
otoriter pendekatan yang diadopsi pemerintah Slovakia, dengan dukungan dari
Bank Dunia, untuk melawan korupsi di Slovakia.
Keywords:
Slowakia, Milulas Dzurinda, korupsi, anti korupsi, otorite
PENDAHULUAN
Meskipun
korupsi selalu ada, pengakuan dampak negatif dari korupsi pada masyarakat telah
memperluas sangat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Sebuah badan penelitian yang
sedang berkembang menunjukkan bahwa korupsi bukan hanya mewakili degradasi
integritas dan moral, tetapi juga parah halangan bagi proses pembangunan
ekonomi (Mauro, 2004). "Korupsi menghalangi investasi dan pertumbuhan dan
misdirects sumber daya publik; korupsi sistematis mendistribusikan kembali
kekayaan dalam mendukung mereka dengan koneksi dan uang untuk bekerja sistem; korupsi
bertindak sebagai pajak regresif, merasa paling keras oleh usaha kecil,
mikro-perusahaan, dan miskin; korupsi mengikis kepercayaan pada lembaga-lembaga
negara dan berhubungan dengan kejahatan terorganisir; bagi pembayar pajak yang
sah, korupsi mengikis kualitas layanan publik di mana warga negara yang
mengandalkan dan mereka membayar pajak "(Bank Dunia & Amerika Serikat Agency
for International Development, 2000).
Korupsi,
di semua berbagai tingkatan, merupakan salah satu ancaman paling serius
terhadap stabilitas dan pengembangan masyarakat sipil. Hambatan terbesar bagi
integrasi mantan Negara-negara Blok Timur, Polandia, Cekoslowakia, Hongaria,
Yugoslavia, Rumania, Bulgaria, dan Albania, ke Uni Eropa adalah korupsi (Komisi
Eropa Masyarakat, 2003). Eropa Barat dan lembaga-lembaga Uni Eropa tidak dikecualikan
dari epidemi ini, namun di sebagian besar Negara-negara mantan Blok Timur,
korupsi, dalam semua nya bentuk, adalah endemik.
Setelah
pemilu pada akhir 1998, pemerintah koalisi baru dari Slovakia diklaim telah
mengakui efek berbahaya dari korupsi dan ditempatkan antikorupsi tinggi pada resmi
agenda. Dipicu oleh antusiasme untuk bergabung dengan Uni Eropa, ini koalisi
baru mulai memohon dengan Uni Eropa dan badan internasional lainnya untuk
membantu mereka dalam membuat upaya untuk mencoba memerangi korupsi (Úrad vlády
Slovenskej Republiky, 2001). Pada tahun 1999, Perdana Menteri, Mikulas
Dzurinda, berpartisipasi dalam konferensi publik tentang korupsi. Sebagai Hasilnya,
pembentukan Komite Pengarah Korupsi di bawah kepemimpinan Wakil Perdana
Menteri, Pal Csáky, diciptakan, yang mengarah ke draft pertama dari National Program
untuk Melawan Korupsi. Pemerintah Slovakia meminta agar Bank Dunia dan Badan
menyatukan Sates for International Development melakukan diagnostik studi tentang
korupsi untuk membantu memberikan informasi tentang pola dan profil dari
korupsi di Slovakia sebagai bagian dari Program Nasional. Tujuan yang
digariskan dalam National
Program
didasarkan pada tiga pilar utama (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky, 2001):
1.
Penghapusan situasi dimana korupsi berpotensi dapat terjadi.
2.
Peningkatan risiko yang dihasilkan dari praktik korupsi.
3.
Meningkatkan sensitivitas publik untuk korupsi.
Dokumen
ini menunjukkan bahwa keberhasilan Program Nasional akan tergantung pada hak
urutan langkah, "jalur kritis." Dalam teks dari Program Nasional
(hal. 14) yang langkah-langkah berikut telah diidentifikasi:
•
Membangun kesadaran hukum dan meningkatkan sensitivitas publik untuk melakukan
korupsi.
•
Memastikan bahwa aturan dapat dilaksanakan (polisi, pengadilan, kantor
kejaksaan) - ini adalah dasar untuk membangun sebuah negara yang diatur oleh
aturan hukum.
•
Transparansi kegiatan administrasi publik dan definisi aturan yang jelas untuk
yang
pengambilan
keputusan.
•
Penyederhanaan dan penghapusan hambatan administratif yang tidak perlu dalam
masyarakat
kehidupan
dan legalisasi biaya tambahan yang dibayar untuk penyediaan di
atas-yang-standar
jasa
administrasi publik.
•
Transparansi dalam bidang politik, terutama sehubungan dengan pendanaan politik
partai
dan konflik kepentingan.
•
Peningkatan efektivitas mekanisme kontrol.
Hari
ini dapat dilihat bahwa Program Nasional tidak memiliki dampak besar pada masalah
korupsi di Slovakia. Dalam Indeks Persepsi Korupsi 2009 mereka rilis pers, Transparansi
Internasional peringkat Slowakia 56 th dari 180 negara yang disurvei. Selanjutnya,
Slowakia memiliki rating terburuk dari indeks CPI dari semua negara V4
(Polandia, Lapar, Republik Ceko, Slowakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia, dan
Ukraina), setelah Ukraina. Tabel 1 menunjukkan perbandingan ini. Sebuah survei
yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah Republik Slovakia Kantor (Úrad vlády Slovenskej
Republiky) pada tahun 2005, menunjukkan bahwa 1997-2005 tingkat
korupsi
di Slowakia telah meningkat. Tabel 2 menyoroti kenaikan ini empat spesifik dan
penting
daerah
dalam dua tahun bertahap.
POINT
OF VIEW SISTEMATIS
Dalam
usia baru tentang saling ketergantungan manusia, di mana realitas ekonomi dan
politik memaksa dunia menuju skala yang lebih besar dari kesatuan, yaitu Uni
Eropa, adopsi etika global tidak hanya diperlukan, tapi tak terelakkan.
Pertimbangkan sejauh mana mantan Negara-negara Blok Timur memerlukan
partisipasi, kuat tercerahkan, dan berprinsip dari mereka warga jika mereka
akan lancar diintegrasikan ke dalam, dan menjadi sukses di Uni Eropa. Ini
termasuk kebutuhan bagi orang-orang bisnis untuk moderat keprihatinan mereka
akan keuntungan dengan berpusat pada manusia nilai jika ekonomi ini adalah
untuk menghindari polarisasi bencana kekayaan. Sebagai bisnis dan individu
terjun dalam upaya untuk melewati batas materialisme dan narsis, potensi modal
manusia terus menghilang di negara-negara (Mauro, 2004).
Ini
dan lainnya jelas mencerminkan tren kebutuhan untuk promosi etika global dan pengembangan
moral yang akan sesuai untuk usia baru tentang saling ketergantungan global.
Untuk Misalnya, kebaikan, ketika didefinisikan dalam istilah pasif, untuk
mengurus bisnis sendiri dan tidak untuk melukai siapa pun, atau konsep yang
terbatas pada nasional yang baik, baik perusahaan, atau suku yang baik, adalah cukup
memadai dalam era saling ketergantungan. Namun dalam dunia di mana humanistik
relativisme lebih dari sebuah aturan daripada pengecualian, pendekatan otoriter
mempromosikan global tertentu, atau bahkan nasional, moral atau nilai-nilai
adalah kontroversial dan non fungsional. Terlalu sering, di masa lalu, kampanye
untuk mempromosikan moralitas telah dikaitkan dengan praktik keagamaan yang
represif, menindas politik ideologi, dan visi sempit dan terbatas dari kebaikan
bersama, karena berdasarkan pada kerangka nasionalisme, budaya atau etnis
tertentu. Kampanye seperti biasanya Kode etik dirumuskan, di mana aturan-aturan
yang diberikan kepada individu dan institusi, dan yang ditegakkan oleh berbagai
otoritas. Tentu saja, sistem seperti hukum tidak dapat ditolak seluruhnya. Hal
ini penting untuk memiliki institusi untuk mempromosikan keadilan, baik oleh
individu bermanfaat untuk mengikuti kode yang disepakati, dan diterima,
perilaku, atau menghukum mereka karena ketidaktaatan. Tapi, sayangnya, meskipun
niat baik dari pendekatan otoriter, telah terlalu sering menyebabkan kelebihan
atau gagal total. Kegagalan tersebut terlihat ketika apa yang disebut
"beradab" masyarakat terlibat dalam tindakan genosida atau "pembersihan
etnis." Selain itu, selalu ada akan pandai pelanggar hukum yang akan lolos
dari deteksi dan hukuman, dan menghindari penuntutan dengan menggunakan hukum
yang sama dan prosedur yang telah diciptakan untuk menghukum mereka. Semacam
ini pendekatan otoriter, sendiri, tidak cukup, karena sedang berpengalaman di
Slovakia. Semua kampanye yang sejauh ini pemerintah Slovakia telah dimulai
adalah elemen dari pendekatan otoriter. Beberapa tahun kemudian, setelah tahap
awal pelaksanaan kampanye ini, Slowakia telah ditegur di bidang korupsi. Salah
satu tanda kegagalan dari pendekatan di Slovakia adalah tingkat toleransi
Slowakia miliki untuk menerima korupsi sebagai bagian dari kehidupan. Pada
bulan Oktober 2004, sebuah survei yang dilakukan oleh GFK Praha, meminta
pandangan orang tentang korupsi, mengungkapkan bahwa tingkat toleransi untuk
korupsi sebagai bagian dari kehidupan sangat tinggi di Negara-negara mantan
Blok Timur. Slovakia peringkat di atas dari survei dalam menerima suap sebagai
bagian alamiah dari kehidupan
Omid FurutanUniversity of La VerneABSTRACTCorruption, at all different levels, is one of the most serious threats to stability and development of civil society. Western Europe and the EU institutions are not exempt from this epidemic, but in most countries of former Eastern Bloc corruption, in all its forms, is endemic. After elections in late 1998, a new coalition government of Slovakia claimed to have recognized the harmful effects of corruption and placed anticorruption high on the official agenda. In 1999, Prime Minister, Mikulas Dzurinda, participating in public conference on corruption. As a result, the formation of Anti-Corruption Steering Committee under the leadership of Deputy Prime Minister, Pal Csáky, created, leading to the first draft of the National Programme for Combating Corruption. Today we can see that the National Programme does not have a major impact on the problem of corruption in Slovakia. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 they release the press, Transparency International Slovakia ranked 56 th out of 180 countries surveyed. Furthermore, Slovakia has one of the worst ratings of the CPI index of all V4 countries, after Ukraine. A survey conducted by the Office of the Government of the Slovak Republic (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky) in 2005, showed that the 1997-2005 level of corruption in Slovakia has increased. The main purpose of this article is to test the effectiveness of the approach adopted authoritarian Slovak government, with support from the World Bank, to fight corruption in Slovakia.Keywords: Slovakia, Milulas Dzurinda, corruption, anti-corruption, otoriteINTRODUCTIONAlthough corruption has always existed, the recognition of the negative impact of corruption on society has expanded greatly in recent years. A growing body of research shows that corruption is not just represent the integrity and moral degradation, but also severe impediment to the process of economic development (Mauro, 2004). "Corruption deter investment and growth and misdirects public resources; corruption systematically redistributes wealth in favor of those with connections and money to work the system; corruption acts as a regressive tax, felt hardest by small businesses, micro-enterprise, and the poor; corruption erodes confidence in state institutions and associated with organized crime; for taxpayers who legitimately, corruption erodes the quality of public service in which citizens who rely on and they pay taxes "(World Bank & United States Agency for International Development, 2000).Corruption, at all different levels, is one of the most serious threats to stability and development of civil society. The biggest obstacle to the integration of former Eastern Bloc countries, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania, the European Union is a corruption (Commission of European Communities, 2003). Western Europe and the EU institutions are not exempt from this epidemic, but in most countries of former Eastern Bloc, corruption, in all its forms, is endemic.After elections in late 1998, a new coalition government of Slovakia claimed to have recognized the harmful effects of corruption and placed anticorruption high on the official agenda. Fueled by enthusiasm for joining the European Union, this new coalition began to plead with the EU and other international agencies to assist them in making an effort to try to combat corruption (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky, 2001). In 1999, Prime Minister, Mikulas Dzurinda, participate in a public conference on corruption. As a result, the formation of Corruption Steering Committee under the leadership of Deputy Prime Minister, Pal Csáky, was created, leading to the first draft of the National Programme for Combating Corruption. Slovak Government requested that the World Bank and unify Sates Agency for International Development conduct a diagnostic study on corruption to help provide information about the pattern and profile of corruption in Slovakia as part of the National Programme. Goals outlined in the NationalThe program is based on three main pillars (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky, 2001):1. Elimination of situations where corruption can potentially occur.2. Increased risk resulting from corrupt practices.3. Increasing public sensitivity to corruption.This document shows that the success of the National Programme will depend on the right sequence of steps, "the critical path." In the text of the National Program (p. 14) that the following steps have been identified:• Establish and enhance the legal awareness of public sensitivity to corruption.• Ensure that the rules can be implemented (police, courts, prosecutor's office) - this is the basis for building a state governed by the rule of law.• Transparency of public administration activities and the definition of clear rules for thedecision-making.• Simplification and elimination of unnecessary administrative barriers in societylife and the legalization of additional fees paid to the provision of over-the-standardpublic administration services.• Transparency in politics, especially in relation to political fundingparties and conflict of interest.• Increasing the effectiveness of control mechanisms.Today we can see that the National Programme does not have a major impact on the problem of corruption in Slovakia. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 they release the press, Transparency International Slovakia ranked 56 th out of 180 countries surveyed. Furthermore, Slovakia has the worst rating of the CPI index of all V4 countries (Poland, Hungry, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia, and Ukraine), after Ukraine. Table 1 shows this comparison. A survey conducted by the Government Office of the Slovak Republic (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky) in 2005, showed that the 1997-2005 levelcorruption in Slovakia has increased. Table 2 highlights the increase in these four specific and importantarea within two years of gradual.SYSTEMATIC POINT OF VIEWIn the new age of human interdependence, in which economic and political realities forced the world to scale greater than unity, namely the European Union, the adoption of a global ethic is not only necessary, but inevitable. Consider the extent to which the former Eastern Bloc countries require participation, strong enlightened, and principled than their citizens if they will be smoothly integrated into, and become successful in the European Union. These include the need for business people to moderate their concern for profits with human-centered economic value if it is to avoid catastrophic polarization of wealth. As businesses and individuals engaged in an attempt to cross the line and narcissistic materialism, the potential of human capital continue to disappear in those countries (Mauro, 2004).These and other trends clearly reflect the need for promotion of global ethics and moral development that would be appropriate for the new age of global interdependence. For example, goodness, when defined in terms of passive, to take care of business itself and not to injure anyone, or a concept limited to the national good, good company, good or tribe, is quite adequate in an era of interdependence. But in a world in which humanistic relativism is more of a rule than the exception, authoritarian approach to promote a particular global or even national, moral or values is controversial and non-functional. Too often, in the past, campaigns to promote morality has been associated with repressive religious practices, oppressive political ideology, and the narrow and limited vision of the common good, because based on a framework of nationalism, or a particular ethnic culture. Campaigns such as usually formulated code of ethics, where the rules are given to individuals and institutions, and established by various authorities. Of course, like the legal system can not be rejected entirely. It is important to have institutions to promote justice, both by individuals is useful to follow an agreed code, and acceptable, behavior, or punish them for disobedience. But, unfortunately, despite the good intentions of the authoritarian approach, has too often led to excess or total failure. Failure is seen as so-called "civilized" society engaged in acts of genocide or "ethnic cleansing." In addition, there will always be clever offenders who escape detection and punishment, and avoid prosecution by using the same laws and procedures that have been created to punish them. This kind of authoritarian approach, itself, is not enough, because it is being experienced in Slovakia. All campaigns are so far the Slovak government has started is an element of an authoritarian approach. A few years later, after the initial implementation phase of this campaign, Slovakia has been reprimanded in the field of corruption. One sign of failure of the approach is the level of tolerance in Slovakia Slovakia have to accept corruption as part of life. In October 2004, a survey conducted by GFK Prague, asking people's views about corruption, reveals that the level of tolerance for corruption as part of life is very high in the countries of former Eastern Bloc. Slovakia ranks in the top of the survey in accepting a bribe as a natural part of life
Journal of Academic and Business Ethics
Corruption in Slovakia: ethics Corruption in Slovakia
Corruption in Slovakia: ethics Corruption in Slovakia
ethical issues from a systematic point of view
Omid FurutanUniversity of La VerneABSTRACTCorruption, at all different levels, is one of the most serious threats to stability and development of civil society. Western Europe and the EU institutions are not exempt from this epidemic, but in most countries of former Eastern Bloc corruption, in all its forms, is endemic. After elections in late 1998, a new coalition government of Slovakia claimed to have recognized the harmful effects of corruption and placed anticorruption high on the official agenda. In 1999, Prime Minister, Mikulas Dzurinda, participating in public conference on corruption. As a result, the formation of Anti-Corruption Steering Committee under the leadership of Deputy Prime Minister, Pal Csáky, created, leading to the first draft of the National Programme for Combating Corruption. Today we can see that the National Programme does not have a major impact on the problem of corruption in Slovakia. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 they release the press, Transparency International Slovakia ranked 56 th out of 180 countries surveyed. Furthermore, Slovakia has one of the worst ratings of the CPI index of all V4 countries, after Ukraine. A survey conducted by the Office of the Government of the Slovak Republic (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky) in 2005, showed that the 1997-2005 level of corruption in Slovakia has increased. The main purpose of this article is to test the effectiveness of the approach adopted authoritarian Slovak government, with support from the World Bank, to fight corruption in Slovakia.Keywords: Slovakia, Milulas Dzurinda, corruption, anti-corruption, otoriteINTRODUCTIONAlthough corruption has always existed, the recognition of the negative impact of corruption on society has expanded greatly in recent years. A growing body of research shows that corruption is not just represent the integrity and moral degradation, but also severe impediment to the process of economic development (Mauro, 2004). "Corruption deter investment and growth and misdirects public resources; corruption systematically redistributes wealth in favor of those with connections and money to work the system; corruption acts as a regressive tax, felt hardest by small businesses, micro-enterprise, and the poor; corruption erodes confidence in state institutions and associated with organized crime; for taxpayers who legitimately, corruption erodes the quality of public service in which citizens who rely on and they pay taxes "(World Bank & United States Agency for International Development, 2000).Corruption, at all different levels, is one of the most serious threats to stability and development of civil society. The biggest obstacle to the integration of former Eastern Bloc countries, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania, the European Union is a corruption (Commission of European Communities, 2003). Western Europe and the EU institutions are not exempt from this epidemic, but in most countries of former Eastern Bloc, corruption, in all its forms, is endemic.After elections in late 1998, a new coalition government of Slovakia claimed to have recognized the harmful effects of corruption and placed anticorruption high on the official agenda. Fueled by enthusiasm for joining the European Union, this new coalition began to plead with the EU and other international agencies to assist them in making an effort to try to combat corruption (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky, 2001). In 1999, Prime Minister, Mikulas Dzurinda, participate in a public conference on corruption. As a result, the formation of Corruption Steering Committee under the leadership of Deputy Prime Minister, Pal Csáky, was created, leading to the first draft of the National Programme for Combating Corruption. Slovak Government requested that the World Bank and unify Sates Agency for International Development conduct a diagnostic study on corruption to help provide information about the pattern and profile of corruption in Slovakia as part of the National Programme. Goals outlined in the NationalThe program is based on three main pillars (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky, 2001):1. Elimination of situations where corruption can potentially occur.2. Increased risk resulting from corrupt practices.3. Increasing public sensitivity to corruption.This document shows that the success of the National Programme will depend on the right sequence of steps, "the critical path." In the text of the National Program (p. 14) that the following steps have been identified:• Establish and enhance the legal awareness of public sensitivity to corruption.• Ensure that the rules can be implemented (police, courts, prosecutor's office) - this is the basis for building a state governed by the rule of law.• Transparency of public administration activities and the definition of clear rules for thedecision-making.• Simplification and elimination of unnecessary administrative barriers in societylife and the legalization of additional fees paid to the provision of over-the-standardpublic administration services.• Transparency in politics, especially in relation to political fundingparties and conflict of interest.• Increasing the effectiveness of control mechanisms.Today we can see that the National Programme does not have a major impact on the problem of corruption in Slovakia. In the Corruption Perceptions Index 2009 they release the press, Transparency International Slovakia ranked 56 th out of 180 countries surveyed. Furthermore, Slovakia has the worst rating of the CPI index of all V4 countries (Poland, Hungry, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovenia, and Ukraine), after Ukraine. Table 1 shows this comparison. A survey conducted by the Government Office of the Slovak Republic (Úrad vlády Slovenskej Republiky) in 2005, showed that the 1997-2005 levelcorruption in Slovakia has increased. Table 2 highlights the increase in these four specific and importantarea within two years of gradual.SYSTEMATIC POINT OF VIEWIn the new age of human interdependence, in which economic and political realities forced the world to scale greater than unity, namely the European Union, the adoption of a global ethic is not only necessary, but inevitable. Consider the extent to which the former Eastern Bloc countries require participation, strong enlightened, and principled than their citizens if they will be smoothly integrated into, and become successful in the European Union. These include the need for business people to moderate their concern for profits with human-centered economic value if it is to avoid catastrophic polarization of wealth. As businesses and individuals engaged in an attempt to cross the line and narcissistic materialism, the potential of human capital continue to disappear in those countries (Mauro, 2004).These and other trends clearly reflect the need for promotion of global ethics and moral development that would be appropriate for the new age of global interdependence. For example, goodness, when defined in terms of passive, to take care of business itself and not to injure anyone, or a concept limited to the national good, good company, good or tribe, is quite adequate in an era of interdependence. But in a world in which humanistic relativism is more of a rule than the exception, authoritarian approach to promote a particular global or even national, moral or values is controversial and non-functional. Too often, in the past, campaigns to promote morality has been associated with repressive religious practices, oppressive political ideology, and the narrow and limited vision of the common good, because based on a framework of nationalism, or a particular ethnic culture. Campaigns such as usually formulated code of ethics, where the rules are given to individuals and institutions, and established by various authorities. Of course, like the legal system can not be rejected entirely. It is important to have institutions to promote justice, both by individuals is useful to follow an agreed code, and acceptable, behavior, or punish them for disobedience. But, unfortunately, despite the good intentions of the authoritarian approach, has too often led to excess or total failure. Failure is seen as so-called "civilized" society engaged in acts of genocide or "ethnic cleansing." In addition, there will always be clever offenders who escape detection and punishment, and avoid prosecution by using the same laws and procedures that have been created to punish them. This kind of authoritarian approach, itself, is not enough, because it is being experienced in Slovakia. All campaigns are so far the Slovak government has started is an element of an authoritarian approach. A few years later, after the initial implementation phase of this campaign, Slovakia has been reprimanded in the field of corruption. One sign of failure of the approach is the level of tolerance in Slovakia Slovakia have to accept corruption as part of life. In October 2004, a survey conducted by GFK Prague, asking people's views about corruption, reveals that the level of tolerance for corruption as part of life is very high in the countries of former Eastern Bloc. Slovakia ranks in the top of the survey in accepting a bribe as a natural part of life